2019届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题汇编--摘要写作--老师版(纯净word带答案已校对终结版)Word下载.docx
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2019届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题汇编--摘要写作--老师版(纯净word带答案已校对终结版)Word下载.docx
《2019届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题汇编--摘要写作--老师版(纯净word带答案已校对终结版)Word下载.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《2019届上海市各区高三英语二模试卷题型分类专题汇编--摘要写作--老师版(纯净word带答案已校对终结版)Word下载.docx(18页珍藏版)》请在冰点文库上搜索。
Directions:
Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpointsofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.
Whatcomesfirst:
theoptimismorthegoodhealth?
Optimism,definedasthegeneralexpectationthatthefuturewillbefavorable,couldprovidewaystoimprovehealth,someresearchersbelieve.Butscientistsremainunsureifoptimismgoesaheadofhealthimprovements,orviceversa.
Arecentstudysuggeststhatmostpeoplecan’thelpbuttothinkoptimistically.ThisstudywasconductedbyEdO’Brien,asocialpsychologistattheUniversityofMichiganinAnnArbor.Thefindingssuggestthatpeoplehaveanaturaltendencytothinkpositivelyabouttheirfuture.
Participantswereaskedtocreatealistofimaginarypersonalexperiencesthatwouldmakethemhappyorunhappyoverthecourseofthenextyear.Theythenrankedhowdifficultitwastoplanthatlistandhowhappytheybelievedtheywouldbeinthefutureoverall.Theeasieritwasforpeopletothinkofpositivefutureexperiences,thehappiertheyimaginedtheywouldbe.However,therewasnorelationshipbetweeneasilydevelopingnegativefutureexperiencesandexpectingtobeunhappyasaresult.
O’Brienconcludedthatpeopleseemtodiscountthepossibilitythatfuturenegativeeventswillmakethemhappyoverall,suggestingthatoptimismmightcomemorenaturally.“We’rneotasused
tothinkingaboutthefutureintermsofthingsthataregoingtogowrong.”O’Brien’sstudyisoneofmanytofindthatpeopleareconsistentlyoptimisticabouttheirfuture,predictingpleasantexperiencesanddiscountingunpleasantones.Ifoptimismmayleadtobetterhealthandpeoplegenerallytendtothinkoptimistically,whatdoesthismeanfortheconnectionbetweenmentalandphysicalhealth?
“Ifwecanmakesurethatoptimismcomesbeforehealthystates,wemightbeabletoinvolveandimprovepeople’soptimism,”Boehmexplained.However,it’sdifficulttodeterminewhatcomesfirst:
theoptimismorthegoodhealth.
Keys:
Despitetheclaimthatoptimismbenefitsfitness,scientistsareuncertain.O’Brien’sstudyindicatesit’shumannaturetoexpectapromisingfuture.Forinstance,thosewithpositivefuture
18
plansweremorelikelytoachievehappiness,yetthosehaving/withnegativeonesdidn’texpectunhappiness.Aboveall,optimismmaynotnecessarilyprecedegoodhealth
Two【2019届上海市黄浦区高三英语二模试题】
Desertification
Desertificationisoneoftheworld’smostalarmingprocessesofenvironmentaldegradation
(退化).Theissueisoftenunclear,however,byacommonmisperception:
thatit’sa“natural”problemofadvancingdesertsinfarawaydevelopingcountries.Infact,desertificationisaboutlanddegradation:
thelossoftheland’sbiologicalproductivity,causedbyman-madefactorsand
climatechange.
Eachyear,desertificationanddroughtcauseanestimated$42billioninlostagriculturalproduction.Therisksofdesertificationaresufficientandclear.Itcontributestofoodinsecurity,hungerandpoverty,andcangiverisetosocial,economicandpoliticaltensionsthatcancauseconflicts,furtherpovertyandlanddegradation.ThegreaturgencyofthischallengeledtheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblytostate2006tobetheInternationalYearofDesertsandDesertification(IYDD).Itisastrongreminderoftheurgentneedtoaddressthefar-reachingimplicationsofthisproblem.UnitedNationsGeneralSecretaryrecentlysummarizesinthisway:
“IlookforwardtoworkingwithGovernments,civilsociety,theprivatesection,internationalorganizationsandotherstofocusattentiononthiscrucialissue,andtoreversethetrendofdesertificationandsettheworldonasafer,moresustainablepathofdevelopment.”
TheIYDDalsopresentsagoldenopportunitytogetthemessageacrossstronglyandeffectivelythatdesertificationisaglobalproblemwhichweignoreatourrisk.Itisimportanttorecognizethatdry-landsarehometosomeofthemostmagnificentecosystemsofthisworld.Theseuniquenaturalhabitatshavebeenhometosomeoftheworld’soldestcivilizations.Theystandlikeopen-airmuseums,bearingwitnesstobygoneeras.TheYearwillthereforealsocelebratethedelicatebeautyanduniqueinheritanceoftheworld’sdeserts.
Desertificationmeanslanddegradationduetoman-madecausesandclimatechange.Itmaycauseproblemslikeconflicts,povertyandlanddegradation.So2006wasstatedtobeIYDDasareminderoftheseriousproblemandcallforjointeffortstodeveloptheworldsustainably.TheIYDDalsoremindsusoftherisk,thebeautyandcivilization/inheritanceofthedeserts.
Three【2019届上海市浦东新区高三英语二模试题】
LonelinessPeaks
ForyearsAmericahasbeentalkingaboutobesity,butanewstudypointstoamoreserioushealthissue:
isolationandloneliness.
Beingconnectedtootherssociallyiswidelyconsideredafundamentalhumanneed---crucialtobothwell-beingandsurvival.Extremeexamplesshowinfantswholackhumancontactincarefailtogrowandoftendie.Indeed,socialisolationhasbeenusedasaformofpunishment.AccordingtoJulianneHolt-Lunstad,theleadauthorofthestudy,anincreasingportionoftheU.S.populationnowpopulationnowexperiencesisolationregularly.Over42millionadultsaboveage45intheU.S.areestimatedtobesufferingfromchronic(长期的)loneliness.
Thestudyof340adultsbetweentheagesof27and101livinginSanDiegoidentifiedthree
keyagerangeswhenpeoplefelttheloneliest.Participantswhohadthehighestlevelsoflonelinesswereintheirlate-20s,mid-50sandlate-80s.Whileitmaycomeasasurprisethatpeopleintheirlate-20ssufferedfromloneliness,alargersurveyshowstheyactuallymaysufferthehardest.
Withanincreasingnumberofpeopleworkingfromhome,watchingtelevision,gettinginto
anaddictiontoelectronicdevices,ithasbecometooeasytobealone,evenifthat’snotaperson’sintention.Moderndayconvenienceslikehavinganythingwewantdeliveredmakeitpossibletoneverneedtoleavethehouse.So,notsurprisingly,thosewithfrequentsocialcontactusuallyfeellesslonelythanthosewithfewsocialties.
Mountingevidencesuggestssocialisolationandlonelinesssignificantlyimpactourhealth,
andevenshortenourlives,justlikeobesity.Thisstudyisn’tthefirsttimelonelinesshasbeenflaggedasanemerginghealthissue.Therefore,reducingbothisolationandlonelinessisimportantforqualityoflifeandwell-being.
Socializingwithpeopleisbelievedtobethekeytohappiness,butmorepeoplearesufferingfromloneliness/isolation.Accordingtoastudy,lonelinesspeaksinthreeagestages.Lackofsocialcontactcausedbymodernlifestyles/conveniencemakespeoplefeellonely.Aslonelinessaffectshealthseriously,it’snecessarytotrytoreduceit.
Four【2019届上海市长宁区高三英语二模试题】
HoldingParentsResponsible—AnUnfairPunishment
Theriseinteencrimesuggeststhatsomeparentsarefailingattheirparentaltasks.Tocorrecttheproblem,lawmakersinsomestatesrequireparentstoservejailtime.Theyhopethatthispunishmentwillmotivateparentstotaketheirresponsibilitiesseriously.
Despitepublicsupportforparentalresponsibilitylaws,manypeoplethinkthatthelawsareunfair.Theysuggestthatparentsshouldnotbepunishedforthecriminalactsoftheirchildren,unlessitcanbeshownthereisarelatedfaultontheparents’part.Forexample,ifyoungteenagersarearrestedfordrinkingalcoholsuppliedbyparents,thenparentsshouldbeheldresponsiblebecausetheyhelpedtheteenagersbreakthelaw.Peoplewhoopposeparentalresponsibilitylawsalsobelievethatpunishingparentsisunlikelytocreateachangeinthekids’behavior.Thesepeoplearguethatparentsmaynotbeatfault.Thechildrenofgoodparentscanfallinwiththewrongkidsandgetintotrouble,theysay.Worseyet,ifmomisinjail,theremaybenooneatalltocontrolherkid.Thatlackofcontrolmaythenleadtomorecrime.
Theunfortunatefactisthatjailingamomordadpunishestherestofthefamily.Thejailedparentcannotworktohelpfeedthefamilyorpaytherent.Aparentwhoissenttojailforthecrimesofateenagermayalsobefiredfromajobformissingtoomuchwork.Furthermore,little
evidenceexiststosupporttheideathatthethreatofpunishmentimprovesaparents’abilitytocontrolateenager.Theproblemisthatsometeenscannotbecontrolledbytheirparents,eveniftheparentstryhardtocontrolthem.Thesestrugglingparentsarenotignoringtheirparentalresponsibilities.Opponentsofparentalresponsibilitylawssaythatparentswhoareinthissituationneedhelp,notajailsentence.
Argumentsaboutparentalresponsibilitylawsariseinstates.Firstly,it’sunfairtopunishthoseparentswithoutfaultintheirchildren’scrimes.Moreover,jailingparentsmaycausemorecrimeandpunishotherfamilymembersastheycouldn’tcontroltheirkidsorsupportfamilies.Finally,threateningtopunishparentsofuncontrollablechildrenmeansnothingtotheirparentalability.
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