TOEFL全真试题阅读部分.docx
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TOEFL全真试题阅读部分.docx
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TOEFL全真试题阅读部分
TOEFL全真试题阅读部分
TOEFL全真试题阅读部分
TOEFL全真试题(2-2)VOCABULARYANDREADINGCOMPREHENSIONQuestions1-13Atmosphericpressurecansupportacolumnofwaterupto10metershigh.Butplantscanmovewatermuchhigher,thesequoiatreecanpumpwatertoitsverytop,morethan100metersabovetheground.Untiltheendofthenineteenthcentury,themovementofwatersintreesandothertallsplantswasamystery.Somebotanistshypothesizedthatthelivingcellsofplantsactedaspumps,butmanyexperimentsdemonstratedthatthestemsofplantsinwhichallthecellsarekilledcanstillmovewatertoappreciableheights.Otherexplanationsforthemovementofwaterinplantshavebeenbasedonrootpressure,apushonthewaterfromtherootsatthebottomoftheplant.Butrootpressureisnotnearlygreatenoughtopushwatertothetopsoftalltrees,Furthermore,theconifers,whichareamongthetallesttreeshaveunusuallylowrootpressures.Ifwaterisnotpumpedtothetopofatalltree,.andifitisnotpushed,tothetopofatalltree,thenwemayask.Howdoesitgetthere?
Accordingtothecurrentlyacceptedcohesion-tensiontheory,waterispulledthere.Thepullonarisingcolumnofwaterinaplantresultsfromtheevaporationofwateratthetopoftheplant.Aswaterislostfromthesurfaceoftheleaves,anegativepressureortensioniscreated.Theevaporatedwaterisreplacedbywatermovingfrominsidetheplantinunbrokencolumnsthatextendfromthetopofaplanttoitsroots.Thesameforcesthatcreatesurfacetensioninanysampleofwater.areresponsibleforthemaintenanceoftheseunbrokencolumnsofwater.Whenwaterisconfinedintubesofverysmallbore,theforcesofcohestion(theattractionbetweenwatermolecules)arcsogreatthatthestrengthofacolumnofwatercompareswiththestrengthofa.steelwireofthesamediameter.Thiscohesivestrengthpermitscolumnsofwatertobepulledtogreatheightswithoutbeingbroken.1.Howmanytheoriesdoestheauthormention?
(A)One(B)Two(C)Three(D)Four2.Thepassageanswerswhichofthefollowingquestions?
(A)Whatistheeffectofatmosphericpressureonfoliage?
(B)Whendodeadcellsharmplantgrowth?
(C)Howdoeswatergettothetopsoftrees?
(D)Whyisrootpressureweak?
3.Theworddemonstratedinline6isclosestinmeaningto(A)ignored(B)showed(C)disguised(D)distinguished4.Whatdotheexperimentsmentionedinlines6-8prove?
(A)Plantstemsdiewhendeprivedofwater.(B)Cellsinplantsternsdonotpumpwater.(C)Plantscannotmovewatertohighaltitudes.(D)Plantcellsregulatepressurewithinstems.5.Howdobotanistsknowthatrootpressureisnottheonlyforcethatmoveswaterinplants?
(A)Someverytalltreeshaveweakrootpressure.(B)Rootpressuresdecreaseinwinter.(C)Plantscanliveaftertheirrootsdie.(D)Waterinaplantsrootsisnotconnectedtowaterinitsstem.6.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?
(A)Waterispushedtothetopsoftrees.(B)Botanistshaveproventhatlivingcellsactaspumps.(C)Atmosphericpressuredrawswatertothetopsoftalltrees.(D)Botanistshavechangedtheirtheoriesofhowwatermovesinplants.7.Theworditinline13refersto(A)top(B)tree(C)water(D)cohesion-tensiontheory8.Thewordthereinline15refersto(A)treetops(B)roots(C)watercolumns(D)tubes9.Whatcausesthetensionthatdrawswaterupaplant?
(A)Humidity(B)Plantgrowth(C)Rootpressure(D)Evaporation10.Thewordextendinline19isclosestinmeaningto(A)stretch(B)branch(C)increase(D)rotate11.Accordingtothepassage,whydoeswatertravelthroughplantsinunbrokencolumns?
(A)Rootpressuremovesthewaterveryrapidly.(B)Theattractionbetweenwatermoleculesisstrong.(C)Thelivingcellofplantspushthewatermoleculestogether.(D)Atmosphericpressuresupportsthecolumns.12.Whydoestheauthormentionsteelwireinline24?
(A)Toillustrateanothermeansofpullingwater(B)Todemonstratewhywoodisagoodbuildingmaterial(C)Toindicatethesizeofacolumnofwinter(D)Toemphasizethestrengthofcohesiveforcesinwater13.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthorgiveanexampleofaplantwithlowrootpressure?
(A.)Lines3-5(B)Lines6-8(C)Lines11-12(D)Lines13-14Questions14-22MasstransportationrevisedthesocialandeconomicfabricoftheAmericancityinthreefundamentalways.Itcatalyzedphysicalexpansion,itsortedoutpeopleandlanduses,anditacceleratedtheinherentinstabilityofurbonlife.Byopeningvastareasofunoccupiedlandforresidentialexpansion,theomnibuses,horserailways,commutertrains,andelectrictrolleyspulledsettledregionsoutwardtwotofourtimesmoredistantfromcitycentersthantheywereinthepremodernera.In1850,forexample,thebordersofBostonlayscarcelytwomilesfromtheoldbusinessdistrictbytheturnofthecenturytheradiusextendedtenmiles.Nowthosewhocouldafforditcouldlivefarremovedfromtheoldcitycenterandstillcommutethereforwork,shopping,andentertainment.Thenewaccessibilityoflandaroundtheperipheryofalmosteverymajorcitysparkedanexplosionofrealestatedevelopmentandfulledwhatwenowknowasurbansprawl.Between1890and1920,forexample,some250,000newresidentiallotswererecordedwithinthebordersofChicago,mostofthem.locatedinoutlyingareas.Overthesameperiod,another550,000wereplottedoutsidethecitylimitsbutwithinthemetropolitanarea.Anxioustotakeadvantageofthepossibilitiesofcommuting,realestatedevelopersadded800,000potentialbuildingsitestotheChicagoregioninjustthirtyyears-lotsthatcouldhavehousedfivetosixmillionpeople.Ofcourse,manywereneveroccupied;therewasalwaysahugesurplusofsubdivided,butvacant,landaroundChicagoandothercities.Thereexcessesunderscoreafeatureofresidentialexpansionrelatedtothegrowthofmasstransportationurbansprawlwasessentiallyunplanned.Itwascarriedoutbythousandsofsmallinvestorswhopaidlittleheedtocoordinatedlanduseortofuturelandusers.Thosewhopurchasedandpreparedlandforresidentialpurposes,particularlyandnearoroutsidecityborderswheretransitlinesandmiddle-classinhabitantswereanticipated,didsotocreatedemandasmuchastorespondtoit.Chicagoisaprimeexampleofthisprocess.Realestatesubdivisionthereproceededmuchfasterthanpopulationgrowth.14.Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?
(A)Typesofmasstransportation(B)Instabilityofurbanlife(C)Howsupplyanddemanddeterminelanduse(D)Theeffectsofmasstrans-cityportationonurbanexpansion15.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingaseffectsofmasstransportationoncitiesEXCEPT(A)growthincityarea(B)separationofcommercialandresidentialdistricts(C)changesinlifeintheinnercity(D)increasingstandardsofliving.16.Thewordvastinline4isclosestinmeaningto(A)large(B)basic(C)new(D)urban17.Thewordsparkedinline12isclosestinmeaningto(A)broughtabout(B)surrounded(C)sentout(D)followed18.WhydoestheauthormentionbothBostonandChicago?
(A)Todemonstratepositiveandnegativeeffectsofgrowth(B)Toshowthatmasstransitchangedmanycities(C)Toexemplifycitieswithandwithoutmasstransportation(D)Tocontrasttheirratesofgrowth19.Thewordpotentialinline18isclosestinmeaningto(A)certain(B)popular(C)improved(D)possible20.Thewordmanyinline21refersto(A)people(B)lots-(C)years(D)developers21.Accordingtothepassage,whatwasonedisadvantageofresidentialexpansion?
(A)Itwasexpensive.(B)Ithappenedtooslowly.(C)Itwasunplanned.(D)Itcreatedademandforpublictransportation.22.TheauthormentionsChicagointhesecondparagraphasanexampleofacity(A)thatislarge(B)thatisusedasamodelforlanddevelopment(C)wherelanddevelopmentexceededpopulationgrowth(D)withanexcellentmasstransportationsystemQuestions23-33Thepreservationofembryosandjuvenilesisarateoccurrenceinthefossilrecord.Thetiny,delicateskeletonsareusuallyscatteredbyscavengersordestroybybeforetheycanbefossilized.Ichthyosaurshadahigherchanceofbeingpreservedthandidterrestrialcreaturesbecause,asmarineanimals,theytendedtoliveinenvironmentslesssubjecttoerosion.Still,theirfossilizationrequiredasuiteoffactors:
aslowrateofdecayofsofttissues,littlescavengingbyotheranimals,alackofswiftcurrentsandwavestojumbleandcarryawaysmallbones,andfairlyrapidburial.Giventhesefactors,someareashavebecomeatreasuryofwell-preservedichthyosaurfossils.ThedepositsatHolzmaden,Germany,presentaninterestingcaseforanalysis.Theichthyosaurremainsarefoundinblack,bituminousmarineshalesdepositedabout190millionyearsago.Overtheyears,thousandsofspecimentsofmarinereptiles,fish,andinvertebrateshavebeenrecoveredfromtheserocks.Thequalityofpreservationisoutstanding,butwhatisevenmoreimpressiveisthenumberofichthyosaurfossilscontainingpreservedembryos.Ichthyosaurswithembryoshavebeenreportedfrom6differentlevelsoftheshaleinasmallareaaroundHolzmaden,suggestingthataspecificsitewasusedbylargenumbersofichthyosaursrepeatedlyovertime.Theembryosarequiteadvancedintheirphysicaldevelopment;theirpaddles,forexample,arealreadywellformed.Onespecimenisevenpreservedinthebirthcanal.Inaddition,theshalecontainstheremainsofmanynewbornsthatarebetween20and30incheslong.WhyaretheresomanypregnantfemalesandyoungatHolzmadenwhentheyaresorareelsewhere?
Thequalityofpreservation,isalmostunmatchedandquarry
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